\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a (Arnold J. Toynbee) \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a “\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” (A Study of History)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1934 \u06481961. \u0623\u0645\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631” \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1946\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n
\ud83e\udded \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n
“\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
\ud83e\udde9 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n
1. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
2. \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f)\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f (Challenges and Responses).<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0647\u0627 (“\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629”) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
3. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
4. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
5. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a:<\/p>\n
\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u0643)<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
\ud83d\udcd8 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n
\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n
\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645: \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a”.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
\u2757\ufe0f\u0645\u0622\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n
\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
\ud83d\udcda \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/p>\n
“\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a (Arnold J. Toynbee) \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a “\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” (A Study of History)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1934 \u06481961. \u0623\u0645\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631” \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1946\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \ud83e\udded \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: “\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e. — 2. \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f)\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f (Challenges and Responses). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0647\u0627 (“\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629”) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. — 3. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 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